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来源Stalin\'s harvest
译者pinkkylin
Violence in Kyrgyzstan
吉尔吉斯斯坦暴乱
Stalin's harvest
斯大林种下的恶果
What lies behind the violence in Kyrgyzstan
吉尔吉斯斯坦暴乱背后的原因
Jun 14th 2010 | ALMATY
CLASHES in southern Kyrgyzstan have spiraled out of control. Thus far 118 people have been confirmed dead, a further 1,500 as injured, and tens of thousands of ethnic Uzbeks have fled to neighbouring Uzbekistan. The number of those killed over the past four days are without a doubt significantly higher than these estimates suggest. Local Muslim custom requires that the dead are buried within 24 hours. Many people are burying family members immediately without registering their deaths.
吉尔吉斯斯坦南部冲突已经失控。目前有188 人确认死亡，1500多人受伤，数以万计的乌兹别克族人逃往邻国乌兹别克斯坦。过去的四天的遇害人数无疑将大幅高于预期。当地穆斯林风俗要求死者在24小时内下葬。很多人立即掩埋了死去的家人，没有登记他们的死亡。
Although Uzbeks make up only 15% of Kyrgyzstan’s population of 5.4m, most of them live in the southern part of the country, where they make up the majority. The Fergana Valley, where most of the killing happened, was divided arbitrarily by Stalin in the 1920s among Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. As a result, the Kyrgyz Soviet republic was left with a sizeable Uzbek population, the Uzbek Soviet republic with a Tajik population, and so on. While the Soviet Union existed and the republics were part of the same country, this made little practical difference. But when the Soviet Union fell apart, these artificially created borders became final, separating newly independent states and fomenting ethnic tensions.
乌兹别克族人虽然仅占吉尔吉斯斯坦540万人口的15%，但大多居住在该国南部，在当地占据多数。费尔干纳盆地正是伤亡人数最多的地区，20世纪20年代，斯大林把该地区人为划分成乌兹别克斯坦，吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦三个国家。结果，大批乌兹别克族人被迫留在了吉尔吉斯苏维埃共和国，大批塔吉克族人留在了乌兹别克苏维埃共和国等等。苏联存在时，各共和国属于同一个国家，没有实际的区别。随着苏联解体，这些人为划分的边界最终生效，把新独立的国家分割开来，激化民族矛盾。
The interim government has been powerless to put an end to the violence. Roza Otunbayeva, the acting president said that the country needed outside help and appealed to Russia to send peacekeeping troops. Security officers were given shoot-to-kill orders. The Russian government initially responded that the violence was an internal affair for Kyrgyzstan to handle on its own and agreed only to send humanitarian aid. A day later Russia dispatched paratroopers to secure its Kant military base in the northern part of the country. The United States also has an air base in the north, but has not been invited to intervene with its military forces.
吉尔吉斯斯坦临时政府没有能力阻止动乱。代总统奥图巴耶娃要求外国提供帮助，请求俄罗斯派遣维和部队。安全官员下令格杀勿论。俄罗斯政府最初回应，此次骚乱是吉尔吉斯斯坦国内事务，由该国自行解决，仅同意提供人道主义援助。第二天，俄罗斯派遣空降兵保卫俄罗斯位于该国北部的坎特空军基地。美国也在北部设有空军基地，但没有受邀派兵介入。
The cause of the rampage involving Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks, which began in Osh, Kyrgyzstan’s second-largest city, remains unclear. Observers believe that the events were orchestrated by individuals taking advantage of long-standing tensions between the two ethnic groups. The interim government has blamed ex-president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and his supporters. It says they instigated the unrest to prevent a national referendum on its proposal for a new constitution, which was scheduled to be held on June 27th. Mr Bakiyev, who was ousted in a popular uprising in April and now lives in exile, has rejected the charge.
骚乱发生在吉尔吉斯斯坦第二大城市奥什，牵涉到柯尔克孜族和乌兹别克族，起因尚不明了。观察家们认为，此次骚乱是个别人利用长期的民族矛盾精心策划。临时政府谴责前总统巴基耶夫及其支持者。据说他们策划这起动乱是为了阻止新宪法的全民公投，公投原定于6月27日举行。巴基耶夫在4月份的全民动乱中被免职，现在流亡国外，他否认了这一指控。
This wave of violence has been shaped by politics. Mr Bakiyev hails from the south of the country. His stronghold was in Jalal-Abad, where he still has many supporters. Ethnic Uzbeks, who play almost no role in Kyrgyzstan’s public life—whether in government, regional administrations, or the military—have tended to prefer the interim government, which has set its sights on turning Kyrgyzstan away from authoritarian presidential rule to a parliamentary republic.
此次暴动完全由政治引发。巴基耶夫出生于在吉尔吉斯斯坦南部。他的根据地就是贾拉拉巴德州，在这里还有很多支持者。乌兹别克族在吉尔吉斯斯坦的公共事务中无足轻重，无论是政府、地方行政、还是军队，都倾向于拥护临时政府，临时政府致力于把吉尔吉斯斯坦从总统独裁转变成议会共和制。
Whatever the cause, the fighting between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks has been ferocious. Some eye witnesses claim that the army, which consists mainly of ethnic Kyrgyz, has sided with its kin. Violence spread to Jalal-Abad over the weekend. Although atrocities appear to have been committed by both sides, the Kyrgyz quickly gained the upper hand. Uzbek houses have been looted and set on fire—plumes of smoke are visible for many miles around—women have reportedly been raped, and armed Kyrgyz gangs have been harassing and shooting at Uzbeks. Gas was shut off in much of Osh, as was electricity in some quarters. Shops have been ransacked and food has become scarce.
无论起因如何，柯尔克孜族和乌兹别克族的冲突愈演愈烈。有目击者称，主要由柯尔克孜族组成的军队偏向自己同胞。本周末，暴力冲突蔓延到贾拉拉巴德州。尽管双方都犯下了暴行，但柯尔克孜族迅速占据上风。乌兹别克族的房屋遭到抢劫、陷入火海，几英里开外都能看到浓烟滚滚，据称有妇女被强暴，柯尔克孜族武装暴徒袭击和射杀乌兹别克族人。奥什部分城区停止供应天然气，有些街区电力中断。商店洗劫一空，食品匮乏。
许多乌兹别克族人，大多为妇女儿童和老人，从奥什逃往乌兹别克斯坦边境避难。乌兹别克斯坦官方数据显示，迄今为止有3.2万人越过边界住进临时搭建的帐篷。小道消息称，至少有7.5万人逃离吉尔吉斯斯坦。乌兹别克斯坦一个非政府组织表示，在那里避难的乌兹别克族难民已经超过20万。
“It is a human-rights disaster in every respect,” says Andrea Berg, a researcher with Human Rights Watch, a New York-based organisation, who happened to be in Osh when the rioting started. She says she received many desperate phone calls from people unable to get out of the city because of blockades erected by Kyrgyz gangs. Those Uzbek women and children who made it are now gathering in different villages along the border and do not know what has happened to their husbands, brothers and fathers.
纽约人权观察组织研究员安德里亚・伯格说，“无论从哪方面来看，这都是人权灾难。”她表示，已经接到许多人打来的求助电话，由于柯尔克孜族武装团伙设置路障，他们无法逃离该市。逃脱的乌兹别克族妇女儿童目前聚集在边界的村落，还不清楚他们的丈夫、兄弟和父亲的情况。
目前的暴力冲突是20年来中亚地区最为严重的种族暴乱。1990年6月，奥什地区柯尔克孜族和乌兹别克族的冲突导致几百人身亡。苏联军队迅速出击，解决了那场骚乱。镇压了暴乱的阿卡耶夫一直担任吉尔吉斯斯坦总统，直到2005年爆发“郁金香革命”，他被巴基耶夫取而代之。
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